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infoGeneral informationkeyboard_arrow_up
- Country common name: Australia
- Country official name: Commonwealth of Australia
- Continent: Australia & Oceania
- 3-Letter abbreviation: AUS
- 2-Letter abbreviation: AU
- Capital: Canberra
- Major cities: Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Newcastle, Wollongong
- Currency: Australian dollar (click for current conversion rates)
- Languages: English
- Motto: "Advance Australia."
- National holiday(s): Australia Day (commemorates the arrival of the First Fleet of Australian settlers), 26 January (1788); ANZAC Day (commemorates the anniversary of the landing of troops of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps during World War I at Gallipoli, Turkey), 25 April (1915)
flagGovernmentkeyboard_arrow_up- Chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General David HURLEY (since 1 July 2019)
- Head of government: Prime Minister Anthony ALBANESE (since 23 May 2022)
- Government type: federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
insert_photoCountry notes & photographskeyboard_arrow_up{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Australia"},{"insert":", officially the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Commonwealth of Australia"},{"insert":", is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Australian continent"},{"insert":", the island of "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Tasmania"},{"insert":", and "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"numerous smaller islands"},{"insert":". With an area of 7,617,930 square kilometers (2,941,300 sq mi), Australia is the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"largest country"},{"insert":" by area in Oceania and the"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":" world's sixth-largest country"},{"insert":". Australia is the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"oldest"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"flattest"},{"insert":", and "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"driest "},{"insert":"inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a mega-diverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the center, tropical rainforests in the north-east, and mountain ranges in the south-east.\n\nIndigenous Australians have inhabited the continent for approximately "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"65,000 years"},{"insert":". The European maritime exploration of Australia commenced in the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"early 17th century"},{"insert":" with the arrival of Dutch explorers. In "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1770"},{"insert":", Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales"},{"insert":" from "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"26 January 1788"},{"insert":", a date which became "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Australia's national day"},{"insert":". The European population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the time of an "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1850s gold rush"},{"insert":", most of the continent had been explored by "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"European settlers"},{"insert":" and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established. On "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1 January 1901"},{"insert":", the six colonies federated, forming the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Commonwealth of Australia"},{"insert":". Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and wealthy market economy.\n\nPolitically, Australia is a "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy"},{"insert":", comprising "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"six states"},{"insert":" and "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"ten territories"},{"insert":". Australia's population of nearly "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"26 million"},{"insert":" is highly urbanized and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Canberra "},{"insert":"is the nation's capital, while the five largest cities are "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Sydney"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Melbourne"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Brisbane"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Perth"},{"insert":", and "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Adelaide"},{"insert":". Australia's demography has been shaped by centuries of immigration: immigrants account for "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"30%"},{"insert":" of the country's population, and almost half of Australians have at least one parent born overseas. Australia's abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy which generates its income from various sources including "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"services"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"mining exports"},{"insert":", banking, manufacturing, agriculture and international education.\n\nAustralia is a "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"highly developed country"},{"insert":" with a high-income economy; it has the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"world's thirteenth-largest economy"},{"insert":", tenth-highest per capita income and eighth-highest Human Development Index. Australia is a regional power, and has the world's thirteenth-highest military expenditure. Australia ranks amongst the highest in the world for "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"quality of life"},{"insert":", democracy, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties, safety, and political rights, with all its major cities faring exceptionally in global comparative livability surveys. It is a member of international groupings including the"},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":" United Nations"},{"insert":", the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"G20"},{"insert":", the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"OECD"},{"insert":", the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"WTO"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"ANZUS"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"AUKUS"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Five Eyes"},{"insert":", the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Quad"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"APEC"},{"insert":", the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Pacific Islands Forum"},{"insert":", the"},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":" Pacific Community"},{"insert":" and the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Commonwealth of Nations"},{"insert":".\n"}]}terrainGeographic informationkeyboard_arrow_up- Surface area (in km²): 7,686,850
- Highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m
- Neighboring countries: None
- Neighboring seas and oceans: Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean
- Climate: generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
radioRadio stationskeyboard_arrow_upsupervised_user_circlePopulationkeyboard_arrow_up- Population: 25,677,700
- Population density (inhabitants per km²): 3.3
- Average age (in years): 37.5
- Life expectancy at birth (in years): 83.0
- Ethnicity: English 25.9%, Australian 25.4%, Irish 7.5%, Scottish 6.4%, Italian 3.3%, German 3.2%, Chinese 3.1%, Indian 1.4%, Greek 1.4%, Dutch 1.2%, other 15.8% (includes Australian aboriginal .5%), unspecified 5.4%
- Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant (in US dollars): 59,934
- Cultural practices: Australians often greet each other with "G' day," or "G' day, mate," but if a foreigner were to use this phrase it might come across as patronizing.
local_diningPopular food & drinkskeyboard_arrow_up{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Vegemite"},{"insert":" is a thick, dark brown Australian food spread made from leftover brewers' yeast extract with various vegetable and spice additives. It was developed by "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Cyril Callister"},{"insert":" in Melbourne, Victoria in "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1922"},{"insert":". The Vegemite brand was owned by Mondelez International (formerly Kraft Foods Inc.) until January 2017, when it was acquired by the Australian "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Bega Cheese"},{"insert":" group. A spread for sandwiches, toast, crumpets and cracker biscuits as well as a filling for pastries, Vegemite is similar to British "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Marmite"},{"insert":", New Zealand "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Marmite"},{"insert":", Australian "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Promite"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"MightyMite"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"AussieMite,"},{"insert":" "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"OzEmite"},{"insert":", German "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Vitam-R"},{"insert":", and Swiss "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Cenovis"},{"insert":". It is salty, slightly bitter, malty, and rich in glutamates - giving it an umami flavor similar to beef bouillon. It is vegan, kosher, and halal. The Australian rock band "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Men at Work"},{"insert":" refer to a \"Vegemite sandwich\" in the second verse of their 1981 hit song \"Down Under\", from their debut album "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Business as Usua"},{"insert":"l.\n"}]}
{"ops":[{"insert":"Iconic Australian take-away food (i.e. fast food) includes "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"meat pies"},{"insert":" (see above), sausage rolls, pasties, Chiko Rolls, and dim sims. Meat pies, sausage rolls, and pasties are often found at a milk bar and bakeries, where they are kept hot in a pie warmer. Meat pies are also a "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"staple at AFL football "},{"insert":"(Australian football rules)"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":" matches"},{"insert":". Chiko rolls, dim sims and other foods needing to be deep fried, are to be found at fish and chip shops. Photo: Marc Ellis.\n"}]}
{"ops":[{"insert":"The "},{"attributes":{"link":"https://cyberspace23.com/recipe-display.php?id=59"},"insert":"Palvova"},{"insert":" dessert is named after "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Anna Pavlova"},{"insert":", a famous Russian ballerina. Born in St. Petersburg in 1881, Pavlova overcame humble beginnings and physical setbacks to become the most well-loved dancer of her time, worshiped all over the world. Her most famous role was in The Dying Swan, a ballet that was choreographed especially for her. Both Australia and New Zealand claim the Pavlova as their national dessert. They haven't come to blows, but it's a delicate situation. According to old newspaper clippings, in "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1929"},{"insert":", "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Herbert Sachse"},{"insert":", the chef of the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Hotel Esplanade "},{"insert":"in Perth, Western Australia, created Pavlova to celebrate the visit of Anna Pavlova to Australia.\n"}]}
{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Foster's Lager"},{"insert":" is an internationally-distributed brand of "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"lager beer"},{"insert":", rather popular in Australia. Worldwide it is known by the slogan \""},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Foster's -- Australian for beer"},{"insert":"\". The brand is owned by the international brewing group Asahi Group Holdings, and is brewed under license in a number of countries, including its biggest market, the UK, where the European rights to the brand are owned by Heineken International. \n"}]}
local_post_officePostage stampskeyboard_arrow_up{"ops":[{"attributes":{"background":"#f8f9fa","color":"#202122"},"insert":"Two-pound Australia stamp from its "},{"attributes":{"background":"#f8f9fa","color":"#202122","bold":true},"insert":"first"},{"attributes":{"background":"#f8f9fa","color":"#202122"},"insert":" official definitive series -- "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Kangaroo and Map"},{"attributes":{"italic":true,"background":"#f8f9fa","color":"#202122","bold":true},"insert":" "},{"insert":"-- issued in "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1913"},{"insert":".\n"}]}
{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Gwoya Tjungurrayi "},{"insert":"(1895-1965) was a Walpiri-Anmatyerre Aboriginal man of the Northern Territory of Australia. Also known by his nickname "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"One Pound Jimmy"},{"insert":", he became the first Aboriginal person to be featured on an Australian postage stamp, in "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"1950"},{"insert":". The stamp was re-released in 1952 and eventually sold over 99 million pounds. The design of the Australian two-dollar coin was inspired by a drawing of Tjungurrayi by artist Ainslie Roberts in 1988.\n"}]}
{"ops":[{"insert":"Stamp from the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"2010"},{"insert":" commemorative series "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Fish of the Reef"},{"insert":".\n"}]}
{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"2020"},{"insert":" stamp from the Sport Stadiums series. It features the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Rod Laver Arena"},{"insert":", located within Melbourne Park, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. This multi-purpose arena is the main venue for the "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Australian Open"},{"insert":", the first Grand Slam tennis tournament of the calendar year. Originally known in 1988 as the National Tennis Centre at Flinders Park, the arena has officially changed its name twice. First in 1996, when it was known as the Centre Court, and again on 16 January 2000 to honor Rod Laver, a three-time winner of the Australian Open and "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"one of the greatest players "},{"insert":"in the history of tennis.\n"}]}
tap_and_playTelephone & Internet communicationkeyboard_arrow_up- Country international telephone code: +61
- Local emergency telephone number(s): Australia's primary emergency call service number is Triple Zero (000), which can be dialled from any fixed or mobile phone, pay phones and certain Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services. Secondary emergency call service numbers are 112 and 106.
- Internet code: .au
- Number of Internet users: 23,123,940
- Percentage of Internet-connected population: 90.1%
gradeAlso useful to knowkeyboard_arrow_up- Vaccinations: An International Certificate of Vaccination for yellow fever is required for travelers arriving from countries with a risk of yellow fever transmission and for travelers having transited through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever transmission. For recommendations please refer to the World Health Organization (WHO), or the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) websites.
- Potable/drinkable water: Yes
- International driving permit: Suggested
- Road driving side: Left
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Electricity/Voltage/Plug type(s):
230 V / 50 Hz / plug type(s): I
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Aerial view of "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Sydney Opera House"},{"insert":" and part of Downtown Sydney. Photo credit: Pavel Sigarteu\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Portrait of "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Captain James Cook"},{"insert":", the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Adult "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"koala and baby"},{"insert":" on a eucalyptus tree\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"The retired naval destroyer"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":" HMAS Vampire"},{"insert":" at the Australian National Maritime Museum in Darling Harbour, Sydney.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Rescue boat"},{"insert":" docked in Darling Harbour, Sydney\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"The "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Sydney Tower"},{"insert":" is the tallest free-standing structure in the city and the second-tallest in Australia. The tower stands 309 m (1,014 ft) above the central business district.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Locator map for the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Great Barrier Reef Marine Park"},{"insert":" in Australia. This is a simplified representation showing the extent of the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"protected area"},{"insert":". The "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Great Barrier Reef"},{"insert":" is the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"world's largest coral reef system"},{"insert":", composed of over "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"2,900 individual reefs"},{"insert":" and "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"900 islands"},{"insert":" stretching for over"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":" 2,300 kilometers"},{"insert":" (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (133,000 sq mi). The reef is located in the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Coral Sea"},{"insert":", off the coast of "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Queensland"},{"insert":", Australia, separated from the coast by a channel 160 kilometers (100 mi) wide in places and over 61 meters (200 ft) deep.[ The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"world's biggest single structure made by living organisms"},{"insert":".\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"This reef structure is composed of and built by "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"billions"},{"insert":" of tiny organisms, known as"},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":" coral polyps"},{"insert":". It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"World Heritage Site"},{"insert":" in 1981. CNN labelled it one of the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Seven Natural Wonders of the World"},{"insert":" in 1997. Australian World Heritage places included it in its list in 2007. The Queensland National Trust named it a "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"state icon of Queensland"},{"insert":" in 2006.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"A close up of the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Three Sisters"},{"insert":" sandstone rock formation in the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Blue Mountains"},{"insert":".\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"View of a "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Blue Mountains cable car"},{"insert":" as seen from the bottom of the funicular railway\n"}]}
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The Three Sisters sandstone rock formation in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney.
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{"ops":[{"insert":"A view of the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"countryside"},{"insert":" in the state of Victoria - approaching "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Bendigo"},{"insert":" from Melbourne.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"The historic "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Shamrock Hotel"},{"insert":" is one of the finest examples of Victorian-era architecture in "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Bendigo"},{"insert":", a city renowned for its 19th century buildings.\n"}]}
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Another view of the Bendigo Shamrock Hotel and its unique two-story veranda.
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{"ops":[{"insert":"A monument in Bendigo commemorating the Australian men who fell in the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"South African (Boer) War"},{"insert":" (1899-1902).\n"}]}
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Warning sign posted at the Blue Mountains funicular railway.
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A view of the Blue Mountains as seen from a cable car.
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{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Orphan Rock"},{"insert":" in the Blue Mountains as viewed from a cable car\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Incipient sunset in the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Outback"},{"insert":"\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Some of the granite boulders at "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve"},{"insert":" near Wauchope, in the Northern Territory. The marbles were formed through various geological processes including chemical and mechanical weathering.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"142 million years ago, an "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"asteroid "},{"insert":"or "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"comet "},{"insert":"slammed into what is now the "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Missionary Plains"},{"insert":" in the Northern Territory, forming a crater 24 km (15 mi) in diameter. Due to erosion, the crater rim has been reduced to only 5 km (3 mi). Today, like a bull's eye, the circular ring of hills that defines Gosses Bluff (image center) stands as a stark reminder of the event shown in this high-resolution satellite photo. Image courtesy of USGS/NASA.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Boab trees"},{"insert":" along the Plenty Highway in the Outback. These trees store water in their swollen trunks and shed their leaves during the dry season. Indigenous Australians used them as a source of water and food, and utilized the leaves medicinally.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Although covered with an intimidating array of spikes, the thorny "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"devil lizards"},{"insert":" that inhabit the scrub and desert of western Australia are actually quite gentle. Their main diet consists of ants. They can grow up to 20 cm (8 in) and can live up to 20 years.\n"}]}
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Wonderfully original sign in the Outback.
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{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Uluru (Ayers Rock)"},{"insert":" is an inselberg, or island mountain, found in the Northern Territory near "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Alice Springs"},{"insert":" - in the middle of Australia's Outback. It is a large sandstone rock formation that the aborigines of the area hold sacred.\n"}]}
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Uluru (Ayers Rock) sunrise with moonset.
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Sunrise highlights the sweeping curves of Uluru (Ayers Rock).
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Ayers Rock changes colors throughout the day; this is its base at sunset.
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The Olgas are a magnificent mountain range located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park; this is one of many beautiful sunsets over the Olgas.
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{"ops":[{"insert":"Another photograph of "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"The Olgas"},{"insert":", the red sandstone formation in the middle of the Outback.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"A view in "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Kings Canyon"},{"insert":", a natural wonder in Australia's Outback.\n"}]}
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A green sentinal overlooking Kings Canyon in Australia's Outback.
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{"ops":[{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Camel caravan"},{"insert":" at sunset on Cable Beach, 7 km (4 mi) from "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Broome"},{"insert":", Western Australia. Founded in 1883, Broome's first industry was pearling - carried out by Japanese divers. Today the pearling industry has given way to oyster harvesting, mining, and tourism.\n"}]}
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{"ops":[{"insert":"The "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Chiko Rol"},{"insert":"l is an Australian savoury snack invented by Frank McEncroe, inspired by the Chinese spring roll. It was first sold in 1951 as the \"Chicken Roll\" despite not actually containing chicken. The snack was designed to be easily eaten on the move without a plate or cutlery. Since 1995 they have been owned by "},{"attributes":{"italic":true},"insert":"Simplot Australia"},{"insert":". A Chiko Roll's filling is primarily cabbage and barley, as well as carrot, green beans, beef, beef tallow, wheat cereal, celery and onion. This filling is partially pulped and enclosed in a thick egg and flour pastry tube designed to survive handling at football matches. The roll is typically deep-fried in vegetable oil. At the peak of its popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, 40 million Chiko Rolls were sold annually in Australia. The product has been described as an "},{"attributes":{"bold":true},"insert":"Australian cultural icon"},{"insert":".\n"}]}